What is a Network in Embedded Systems? – Different Types of Networks

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">You must have gone through these words: LAN, WAN, and MAN; more often, all these refer to networks. So, what is a network? A “network” is a generic term that refers to a group of entities like objects, peoples, etc., that are connected to one another.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Thus, a network allows material or immaterial elements to be spread among all of these entities, based on well-defined rules. There are different <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">types of networks</span> that are commonly used in communication. Therefore, let us see what is the importance of a network in an<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;"> embedded system</span>.</span></div> <div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_15434" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 5px auto 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; width: 377px;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Sensor Network" class="size-full wp-image-15434" height="239" src="http://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/16.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.35s; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.35s; width: 377px;" width="367" /></span><br /> <div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 5px 10px 8px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Sensor Network</span></div> </div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">As embedded systems are becoming more and more complex, the knowledge about various disciplines like data processing, electronics, telecommunications and networks becomes mandatory for all. Nowadays, “network” plays a prominent role in embedded systems. Proper understanding of networks is also equally important.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />For example – routers, gateways, remote process controllers, and sensor networks interact with the networks.</span></div> <h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">What is a network and networking?</span></h2> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Network: In a network, a group of computers and peripheral devices are connected to each other. The smallest possible network is the one in which two computers are connected together.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Networking: Networking is nothing but implementing tools and tasks for linking computers so that they can share resources over the network.</span></div> <h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Different Types of Communication Networks</span></h3> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Different types of <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">communication</span> networks involve the use of different types of physical transmission media like electrical pulses, light beam or electromagnetic waves.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <strong style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">Telephone Network</strong></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">A telephone network is a communication network used for transmission and reception of voice signals. Different types of telephone networks include fixed line network and wireless network.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">In a fixed-line network the telephones must be directly connected through a wire to a single telephone exchange.</span></div> <div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_15435" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 5px auto 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; width: 484px;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Telephone Network" class=" wp-image-15435 " height="310" src="http://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/24.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.35s; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.35s; width: 484px;" width="474" /></span><br /> <div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 5px 10px 8px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Telephone Network</span></div> </div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">A wireless network is involved in telephones or mobile communications. This network can be used or moved around anywhere within the coverage area. The wireless network is used to control different types of embedded applications, such as railway level crossing gates, <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">fraud alert</span> systems, flash flood information and billing information systems, etc.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <strong style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">Computer Network</strong></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">A computer network is a group of computers linked together with physical lines exchanging information as digital data (binary values, i.e., values encoded as a signal – which may represent either 0 or 1). The links (connections) between nodes are established using either a cable media or wireless media. The best example of a computer network is internet.</span></div> <div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_15436" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 5px auto 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; width: 326px;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Computer Network " class=" wp-image-15436 " height="248" src="http://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/34.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.35s; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.35s; width: 326px;" width="316" /></span><br /> <div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 5px 10px 8px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Computer Network</span></div> </div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Computer network devices initiating, routing and terminating data are called network nodes. The nodes include hosts such as servers and personal computers. The computer network supports different types of applications such as access to World Wide Web, shared use of applications, and messaging applications and so on.</span></div> <h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Why networks are important?</span></h3> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">A computer is a machine used to manipulate and process data. Linking of computers is essential for exchanging information in communication. So, this explains our query about what is a network in terms of computers.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">A computer network can serve several different purposes like the ones given below:</span></div> <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: circle; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Provides resource sharing (sharing of files, applications or hardware, an Internet connection, etc.)</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Provides Communication support (email, live discussions, etc.)</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Processes Communication</span> (communication between industrial computers)</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Provides access to information: Guarantees full access to information for a specified group of people through networked databases</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Supports Multiplayer video games</span></li> </ul> <div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_15437" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 5px auto 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; width: 437px;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Network Importance" class=" wp-image-15437 " height="283" src="http://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/45.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.35s; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.35s; width: 437px;" width="427" /></span><br /> <div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 5px 10px 8px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Network Importance</span></div> </div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Networks are also used for standardizing applications. The term groupware is generally used to refer to the tools that let multiple people work over a network. For example, email and group scheduling can be used to communicate more quickly and efficiently.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Such systems offer the following advantages:</span></div> <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: circle; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Lower costs due to sharing of data and peripherals</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Standardize applications</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Provide timely access to data</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Offer more efficient communication and organization</span></li> </ul> <h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">What is network’s importance in embedded system?</span></h3> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">The embedded system was originally designed to work on a single device. However, in the current scenario, implementation of different networking options has increased the overall performance of the embedded system in terms of economy as well as technical considerations.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The most efficient types of network used in the embedded system are BUS network and Ethernet network.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />A BUS is used to connect different network devices and to transfer a huge range of data, for example, serial bus, <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">I2C</span> bus, CAN bus, etc.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The Ethernet type network works with the TCP/IP protocol.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Examples of embedded networking include <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">CAN</span>, I2C, Component, sensor, and serial bus networking.</span></div> <div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_15438" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 5px auto 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; width: 408px;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Embedded Networking" class=" wp-image-15438 " height="262" src="http://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/55.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.35s; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.35s; width: 408px;" width="398" /></span><br /> <div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 5px 10px 8px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Embedded Networking</span></div> </div> <h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">What types of networks are used in the embedded system?</b></h3> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Telecommunication systems make use of numerous embedded systems ranging from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at end user.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Computer networking uses dedicated routers and Network Bridge to route data.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The Advanced HVAC system uses networked thermostats for more accurate and efficient control of temperature that may change during a day or season.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The home automation system uses wired and wireless networking to control lights, climate, security, audio and so on.</span></div> <h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Different types of networks generally have the following points in common:</span></h3> <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: circle; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Servers:</strong> These are basically computers that provide main information.</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Clients:</strong> These are computers or other devices that get access to the shared resources.</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Connection medium:</strong> Connection medium defines the inter linking of different devices.</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Shared data:</strong> It refers to the information that is transmitted in a network and received by the clients.</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Printers and other shared peripherals:</strong> Peripherals (devices) that are connected to the client machines for processing and obtaining the information.</span></li> </ul> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">We hope we have been able to answer your query about what is network in embedded terminology and also about its importance. So, here is a simple question for you:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />What are the different types of network topologies used in communication?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Kindly forward your answers and also your feedback regarding this article in the comment section given below.</span></div> </div>

What is a Network in Embedded Systems? – Different Types of Networks

You must have gone through these words: LAN, WAN, and MAN; more often, all these refer to networks. So, what is a network? A “network” is a generic term that refers to a group of entities like objects, peoples, etc., that are connected to one another.Thus, a network allows material or immaterial el…

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Sensor Based Project Ideas for Final Year Engineering Students

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Sensors are backbone of plant automation and robotics. Interfacing their output to the firmware is one of the important areas in industrial applications. Understanding their parameters is of great importance in designing a control system. Sensors such as temperature, gas, humidity, IR, ultrasonic laser, PIR etc are widely used in the industries. Developing projects involving such sensors give a clear idea in understanding their use & limitations. Data acquisition, SCADA, fuzzy logic control are few advanced level projects those usually adopt embedded systems and requires software domain knowledge particularly the “C” language.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span id="more-54" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Details about few sensor based projects</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 1. <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Contactless Liquid Level Controller:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">A water level controlling mechanism is developed which senses the water level in the tank without any contact with the tank and accordingly controls the pump to fill water into the tank. Here ultrasonic sensors are used to sense the water level in the tank.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">The ultrasonic sensor senses the liquid level in the water tank and feeds this information to the microcontroller. Based on the input from the sensor, the microcontroller accordingly controls the switching of the relay switch, which is a combination of a transistor and a MOSFET in this case. The relay is accordingly controlled to switch on the load in case the water level is less or switch off the load incase the water level is more.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 2.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;"> Using TV remote as a cordless mouse for computer:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <span style="background-color: white;">This system uses a TV remote as a cordless mouse to perform operations on a computer. The TV remote works on the principle of IR communication and the commands are send to the computer through a control unit.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Here the commands are sent from a TV remote in form of modulated IR rays. These rays are received by the IR receiver and converted to electrical signals which are given to the microcontroller. The microcontroller converts these signals to binary commands and sends these commands in serial form to the computer through a level shifter IC.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 3. <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Remote Jamming Device:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Here a device is developed which produces IR rays which can block the rays from the TV remote. The frequency of the IR light is same as the frequency of IR light by the TV remote. This can be placed at the TV receiver such that the rays received by the remote are superimposed by the IR rays emitted by this device.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Here a timer powered by a battery is used to produce pulses at frequency equal to the remote output signal frequency and at more than 50% duty cycle, to drive the transistor, which is turn provides power to the IR diode and accordingly the IR diode emits IR rays at that frequency.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 4. <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Speed Checker to detect rash driving on vehicles:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Rash driving is one of major reasons for road accidents. Most of the road accidents can be prevented if the rash driving is controlled. This is achieved by monitoring the speed of the vehicles and accordingly generates a warning when the speed of the vehicle increases. Here a speed checker system is designed where time taken by the vehicle to travel from spot on the highway to another is measured and the speed of the vehicle is accordingly calculated.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Here two IR sensors are used at two different locations. Two timers are used which receives input from the two sensors. Output from both the timers drive a NAND gate which in turn drives another timer to trigger a buzzer in case of the speed going more than the set limit. A decade counter shows the time count of the output pulses or counts the clock pulses, i.e. the time taken to move from IR sensor position to another. A speed limit is set and the distance between the two spots are fixed. Incase the timing count is less than the set time limit, the speed is known to be exceeded and correspondingly a buzzer starts ringing to give the indication.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 5<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">.</b> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Distance measurement by ultrasonic sensor:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">Ultrasonic sensor can be used to measure distance of any object from a certain position. The sensor emits ultrasonic waves which are reflected back by the object. The time taken by the waves to travel back and forth is calculated and multiplied with velocity of sound to get the distance measurement.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 6. <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Optimum Energy Management System:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">This system is used as a way to manage the consumption of energy in an optimal way. It defines an easy way to save energy by controlling the switching of loads in a room only on the basis of the number of persons entering the room. The project uses IR sensors to sense the persons entering and leaving the room and accordingly the control unit controls the switching of the load.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 7<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">. </b><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Bidirectional Rotation of Induction Motor with Remote Control Device:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">The exhaust fans used at homes are used only to expel out hot air from the room. These fans are operated using split phase induction motors which consist of a main winding which gets the mains supply directly and an auxiliary winding which gets the main supply through a capacitor. By interchanging the supply between the two windings, the windings can be interchanged and the direction of the motor can be changed. This project uses this principle to achieve the bidirectional rotation of the motor. The commands for the desired direction are given by a TV remote and accordingly the motor is rotated in desired direction.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 8<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">. </b><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Street lights that glows on detecting vehicle movement:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">The major advantage of using LEDs as street lamps are their intensity can be controlled by controlling the power supply to the LEDs. By sensing the arrival of vehicles, the LED street lights can be made to be switched on only at the time when the vehicle passes through it. This helps to save a relevant amount of energy. This project develops a way to achieve this by using an array of LEDs to represent the street lights and pair of IR sensors is used to sense the number of vehicles on the way.</span></div> <h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"> 9<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">. </b><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box;">Density Based Traffic signal system using PIC microcontroller:</span></span></h5> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;">This system defines another way to optimize the use of energy and also to overcome the problem of traffic jams. By sensing the number of vehicles on each side of a junction, the time for which red light of the traffic signal glows can be controlled accordingly. This project achieves this by using LEDs as the traffic lights for each side of the junction and using IR sensors for each side to sense the number of vehicles.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">Few more projects</b></div> <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: circle; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Movement Sensed Automatic Door Opening System</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Closed loop control of BLDC motor</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Non contact Tachometer</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Line Following Robotic Vehicle using Microcontroller</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Predefined Speed Control of BLDC motor</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Industrial Temperature Controller</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Microcontroller based speed checker system</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Speed Synchronization of multiple motors</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Dish Positioning Control by IR remote</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">IR obstacle detection to actuate loads</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Speed Synchronization of multiple motors</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Precise Digital Temperature Control</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Automatic wireless health monitoring system</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Object Counter with 7 segment display</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tampered Energy Meter Sensing System</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Solar Energy Management System</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Object detection by ultrasonic means</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">IR controlled Robotic Vehicle</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Thyristor power control by IR remote</span></li> </ul> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">Some more examples for sensor based projects ideas:</b></div> <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: circle; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Advanced Wireless Automatic Digital Pumping System for Agriculture using Soil Sensor</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Advanced Wireless Earth Quake Alarm System for Early Warning</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Temple Security System — Hi End Temple Security System with Frequency Jammer</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Integrate Intelligent Security System for Industrial Surveillance with WAP & Auto Dialer</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Driver Fatigue Accident Prevention using Eye Blink Sensor</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Eye Ball Controlled Automatic Wheel Chair</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Multisensor – Smoke, Fire, Temperature, Gas, Metal & Intruder based Security Robot – Zigbee</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">RF Enabled ICU Care Taker – Life Support System</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">American Sign Language based Hand Gesture Recognition & Performance</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Library Robot – Path Guiding Robotic System with Artificial Intelligence using Microcontroller</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Advanced Wireless Bank Security System with Remote Alarm and Sensor for Modern Security Application</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Design & Implementation of Railway Automation System with Sensors Network</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Motion Detection, Robotics Guidance & Proximity Sensing using Ultrasonic Technology</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: white;">Real Time Lane Detection for Autonomous Vehicles – Ultrasonic Sensor</span></li> </ul> </div>

Sensor Based Project Ideas for Final Year Engineering Students

Sensors are backbone of plant automation and robotics. Interfacing their output to the firmware is one of the important areas in industrial applications. Understanding their parameters is of great importance in designing a control system. Sensors such as temperature, gas, humidity, IR, ultrasonic l…

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